Contract Costing Questions and Answers

Contract Costing Questions and Answers

SECTION – A

Question 1.
What is contract costing?
Answer:
Contract costing is that form of specific order costing which applies where the work is undertaken according to customers’ requirements and each order is of long duration as compared to job costing.

Question 2.
Distinguish between contract costing and job costing.
Answer:

  • Contract is generally big while job is small
  • In contract costing most of the costs are chargeable direct to contract accounts. Under job costing, direct allocation to such an extent is not possible.
  • Allocation and appointment of overhead costs is simpler in contract accounts. Under job costing, allocation and apportionment of overhead is difficult
  • Jobs are usually carried out in factory premises while contract work is done at site.

Question 3.
State any four features of contract costing.
Answer:
The four features of contract costing are:

  • Contracts are generally of large size.
  • Work on contracts is carried out at the site of contracts.
  • A contract generally takes more than one year to complete.
  • Each contract undertaken is treated as a cost unit.

Question 4.
Name the parties to a contract.
Answer:
In every contract there are two parties i.e., contractor and contractee. The contractor is the person who undertakes to do the construction work. The contractee is the person for whom the contract is undertaken.

Question 5.
What is contract price?
Answer:
It is the price at which the contractor agrees to do the work for the contractee.

Question 6.
What are cost plus contracts?
Answer:
A cost plus contract is a contract in which the contract price is determined by adding a specified amount of profit to the cost of the contract. In other words, it is a contract in which the contractor is paid the actual cost incurred by him on the contract plus a certain amount towards his profit.

Question 7.
What is sub contract costs?
Answer:
Work of specialised character, for which facilities are not internally available is offered to a sub contractor For Example Steel work, glass work, painting etc. is usually carried out by the sub contractors who are accountable to the main contractor. The cost of such work is charged to the contract A/c.

Question 8.
What do you mean by works on cost?
Answer:
Works on cost is nothing but factory overheads. It includes the expenses incurred in the factory. The expenses incurred in factory while producing a product alone is considered as works on cost.

Question 9.
What is notional profit
Answer:
Difference between the value of work in progress certified and the cost of work in progress certified.

Question 10.
How do you calculate realised profit?
Answer:
Realised profit = 1/3 or 2/3 x \(\frac{\text { Cost received }}{\text { Work certified }}\) X Notional profit.

Question 11.
What is work certified?
Answer:
The value of work completed by the contractor and certified as completed by the architect appointed by the contractee.

Question 12.
What is work uncertified?
Answer:
It is the value of work completed by the contractor but not certified as completed by the architect appointed by the contractee.

Question 13.
What do you mean by work-in progress in contract costing?
Answer:
Until the entire work is completed the work is termed work in progress. Has to be valued the end of each financial year

Question 14.
What is Escalation Clause, why is it included in contract costing?
Answer:
It is a clause in the agreement between the contractor and the contractee which provides for her upward revision of the contract price, in the event of the cost of the contract going beyond a certain agreed level on account of rise in the prices of materials and labour.

It is included to cover up any likely increase in the cost of contract beyond a certain level on account of rise in the prices of materials and labour.

Question 15.
What is Retention Money? Why is it retained?
Answer:
A certain portion of the amount of work certified can be retained by the contractee for a specified period after the work is done. The sum retained by the contractee is called the retention money.

It is retained as a security for any defective work done by the contractor, non-completion of the work by the contractor within the given time.

SECTION – B

Question 1.
State the features of contract costing.
Answer:
The following are the main features of contract accounts.
(1) Higher proportion of direct costs: As most of the items of expenses can be directly identified with a contract, though indirect, are treated as direct expenses. Expenses on telephone installed at site, site power usage, site vehicles are treated as direct expenses.

(2) Low Indirect cost: The only item of indirect cost may be head office expenses. Such cost represents only a small proportion of the contract cost and is absorbed
usually on some overall basis such as percentage of total contract cost.

(3) Difficulties of cost control: The large scale of contracts and size of the site may create some major problems of cost control consuming material usage and losses, pilferage, labour supervision and utilisation, etc.

(4) Surplus materials: Surplus materials, if any will be either credited to contract account with cost of materials at the end of the contract or will be debited to new contract account, if directly transferred to another contract. If the material is not required immediately, it will be stored and the cost debited to a stock account.

Question 2.
Distinguish between job and contract costing.
Answer:
The following are the differences between job and contract costing.

Job costing Contract costing
1. A job is of small size A contract is of large size
2. Under job costing, work is performed in the workshop of the proprietor. Under contract costing, work is executed at site
3. Usually a job takes less time for its completion Usually a contract takes more time for its completion.
4. Here, the selling price is paid in full in after completing the job Here the contract price is paid various installments on the basis of progress of work.
5. In case of job costing, initially there is heavy investment on assets It does not involve much investment initially
6. Here the expenses may be direct or indirect Here most of the expenses are direct in nature.
7. Profit earned on job is directly transferred to P & L A/c profit Here, in case of incomplete contract, only proportionate is taken to P & L a/c on the basis of completion of work.

Question 3.
How do you treat the profit/loss on incomplete contracts?
Answer:
(a) Treatment of Loss: In case of an incomplete contract, if there is a loss during the financial year, the entire loss should be transferred to Profit and Loss Account.

(b) Treatment of Profit: If there is a profit on incomplete contract; only a portion of the profit is transferred to Profit and Loss Account. The remaining profit is kept as reserve to meet the contingencies.
There is no hard and fast rule regarding the amount of estimated profit to be transferred to Profit and Loss Account. However the following principles are applied.

Extent of construction Calculation of. amount of profit to be transferred to P&L Account
1. Less than 1/4 Nil (complete amount to be kept in reserve)
2. 1/4 and above but less than 1/2 Estimated profit x 1/3 x \(\frac{\text { Cash Received }}{\text { Work Certified }}\)
3. 1/2 and above Estimated profit x 2/3 x \(\frac{\text { Cash Received }}{\text { Work Certified }}\)
4. Almost complete Estimated profit x \(\frac{\text { work Certified }}{\text { Contract Price }}\)

Practical Problems

Question 1.
The following are the expenses are incurred on a contract, the price of which is 1,00,000 and it commenced on 1.1.2014.
Materials purchased 6,000; Materials in hand 1,000; D.Wages 20,000; Plant issued 4,000; D.Expenses 10,000
The contract was completed in November and the contract price was received charge indirect expenses at 25% of D.Wages and provide depreciation at 10% on plant.
Prepare the contract account.

Question 2.
Following is the information relating to a contract.
Contract price – 6,00,000
Raw materials – 1,20,000
Wags – 1,60,000
Subcontract – 5,000
Plant – 20,000
Materials transferred to other contract – 2,000
General expenses – 7,600
At the end of the year, cash received from the contractee was 2,50,000 being 80% of work certified. Value of materials unused at the end of the year was 18,000. Plant to be depredated at 20%. Prepare contract account.

Question 3.
How much of profit, if any would you allow to be transferred to profit and loss account in the following case?
Contract value – 10,00,000
Cost of the contract till date – 4,50,000
Cash received – 4,50,000 (90% in work certified)
Uncertified work – 50,000
Retention money is 10 percent.
Solution:
Calculation of profit
Work certified = 4,50,000 x \(\frac {100}{90}\) = 5,00,000
Notional profit = Work certified + Work Uncertified – Cost of the contract
= 5,00,000 + 50,000 – 4,50,000
= 1,00,000
Profit = 1,00,000 x \(\frac {2}{3}\) x \(\frac {4,50,000}{5,00,000}\) = 60,000
Reserve = 1,00,000 – 60,000 = 40,000

Question 4.
From the information given below prepare contract account.
Particulars – Amount ( )
Materials bought from the market – 3,000
Materials issued from stores – 1,000
Materials returned to stores – 480
Wages – 4,880
Direct Expenses – 588
Works on cost 25% of direct wages
Office on cost 10% of prime cost
Contract price of 12,000

Question 5.
You are required to prepare contract account showing the position of contract on 30.4.2014 from the following particulars:
Contract price 1,00,000; Materials sent to site 32,350; Labour engaged on site 27,400; Plant installed at site 5,650; Value of plant on 30.4.2014 4,100; Work certified’ 71,500; Cash received 65,000; Cost of work done but not certified 1,700; D.Expenses 1,200; Cost of establishment 1,625; Wages O/S 900; Materials in hand 700; Materials returned to stores ‘200; Direct Expenses O/S 100

Question 6.
The following particulars relate to a certain contract carried out during the year ended 31.3.2017.
Work certified – 1,43,000
Cash received from contractee – 1,30,000
Materials sent to site – 64,500
Labour – 56,600
Plant installed at site – 11,300
Value of plant at the end – 8,200
Cost of work not yet certified – 3,400
Establishment charges – 3,250
Direct expenditure – 2,600
Materials on hand at the end – 1,400
Materials returned to stores – 400
Contract price – 2,00,000
Prepare the Contract Account for the year ended 31.3.2017

Question 7.
A contractor prepares his accounts for the year ending 31st December each year. He commenced a contract on 1st April 2003. The following information relates to the contract as on 31st December 2003.
The contract price is 20,00,000. On 31.12.2003 two third of the contract was completed. The Architect issued certificate covering 50% of the contract price and the contractor received 7,50,000 on account.
Materials supplied to contract – 2,00,000
Materials issued from stores – 52,000
Direct wages – 5,10,000
Indirect wages – 55,000
Sub-contract cost – 4,000
Materials transferred to other contract – 9,900
Materials costing 2,000, sold for 2,500
Salary to foreman – 87,800
Other overheads – 1,30,000
Materials returned to stores – 5,400
Materials in hand at site (31.12.2003) – 30,000
A machine costing 2,70,000 has been on the site for 146 days, its working life is estimated at 7 years and its final scrap value at 25,000.
A Supervisor who is paid 10,000 per month, has devoted 1/4 of his time to this contract.
Prepare Contract account.

Question 8.
M/s Shiva Company undertook a contract for a total price of 5 lakh. Following is the abstract for the year ending 31-3-2007.
Material sent to site – 1,00,000
Material purchased – 70,698
Labour – 1,40,000
Outstanding wages on 31-3-2007 – 8,750
Plant installed – 30,000
Depreciation on plant – 8,000
Direct expenses – 6,334
Outstanding direct expenses on 31-3-2007 – 580
Overhead charges payable on 31-3-2007 – 9,250
Overhead charges – 8,252
Materials returned – 1,098
Work certified – 3,90,000
Work uncertified – 9,000
Material at site on 31-3-2007 – 3,766
Cash received from contractee – 3,60,000
Prepare the Contract a/c and show how WIP appears in Balance Sheet.

Question 9.
A contractor prepares his accounts for the year ending 31/12 each year. He commenced a contract on 1st April 2008. The following information relates to the contract as on 31-12-2008.
The contract price was 20,00,000. On 31-12-08 2/3 of the contract was completed. The architect issued certificate covering 50% of the contract price and the contractor received 7,50,000 on account. Other details are as follows :
Materials supplied to contract – 2,00,000
Materials issued from stores – 52,000
Direct wages – 5,10,000
Indirect wages – 55,000
Subcontract cost – 4,000
Material transferred to other contract – 9,900
Salary to foremen – 87,800
Other overheads – 30,000
Materials returned to stores – 7,400
Materials in hand at site 31-12-08 – 30,000
A machine costing 2,70,000 has been on the site for 146 days. The working life is estimated at 7 years its final scrap value at 25,000. A supervisor who is paid 10,000 per month has devoted 1/4 of his time to this contract. Prepare Contract Account.

Question 10.
The following information relates to a building contract for 10,00,000.

Question 11.
The following information relates to a building contract for’ 40,00,000 and for which 80% of the value of work-in-progress is certified by the architect is being paid by the contractee.

Question 12.
Vizoz Ltd, was engaged on a contract during the year 2008.
The contract price was 2,00,000. The trial balance extracted from the books on 31st Dec. 2008 stood as follows:

Particulars Debit ( ) Credit ( )
Share capital – 40,000
Sundry creditors – 4,000
Buildings 17,500 –
Cash at Bank 4,500 –
Contract account;
Materials 37,500 –
Plant 10,000 –
wages 52,500
Cash received from contractor (80% of work certified) – 80,000
Expenses 2,000 –
Total 1,24,000 1,24,000

Of the plant and materials charged to the contract. Plant costing’ 1,500 and materials costing 1,200 were destroyed by fire.
On 31st December 2008 plant costing 2,000 was returned to stores and materials at site was valued at 1,500, cost of uncertified work was 1,000, charge 10% depreciation on plant. Prepare contract account for the year 2008 and the Balance sheet as on 31st December 2008.

Question 13.
Modem Construction Ltd. have undertaken the construction of a bridge. The contract price being 65 lakhs. The details regarding contract are as follows:
Materials bought – 16,50,000
Materials sent from stores – 4,00,000
Workers wages – 20,00,000
Direct expenses – 1,25,000
Rent of plant – 60,000
General overhead – 1,75,000
Materials on hand at the end – 31,500
Wages accrued at the end – 37,500
Direct expenses accrued at the end – 7,500
Cost of work certified by engineer – 55,00,000
Cost of work uncertified – 1,00,000
Cash received – 44,00,000
Prepare:
(1) Contract A/c
(2) Contractee A/c
(3) Balance Sheet with relevant items

Question 14.
The following informal ion relates to two cc the year 2018.

Particulars A( ) B( )
Materials sent to site 1,70,689 1,46,534
Labour 1,48,750 1,37,046
Plant 30,000 25,000
Direct Expenses 6,334 5,718
Establishment charges 8,252 7,704
Materials returned to stores 1,098 1,264
Work certified 3,90,000 2,90,000
Work uncertified 9,000 6,000
Materials at site (31.12.2018) 3,766 3,472
Wages outstanding (31.12.2018) 4,800 4,200
Direct expenses outstanding (31.12.2018) 480 360
Value of plant (31.12.2018) 22,000 19,000
Contract price 5,00,000 4,00,000

The cash received from the contracfee was 80% of the value of the work certified. Prepare contract account and contractee’s account.

Process Costing Questions and Answers

Process Costing Questions and Answers

SECTION – A

Question 1.
What is process costing?
Answer:
Process costing is that form of operation costing which is used to ascertain the cost of the product at each process or stage of manufacture where processers are carried on from one process to another where output of one process becomes the input for the next process till the finished product is obtained Example Chemical works textile industries etc.

Question 2.
State the characteristic features of process costing.
Answer:
The characteristics features of process costing are as follows:

  • The production of goods is continuous.
  • Costs are allocated process wise for a period.

Question 3.
Name the industries where the process costing can be applied.
OR
Give any two examples where process costing is adopted.
Answer:
Generally, the process costing is applied in the following industries:

  • Iron and Steel Industries
  • Automobile Industry
  • Cement Industry
  • Chemical Industry

Question 4.
What is normal process loss?
Answer:
Normal process loss is the loss which unavoidable on account of inherent nature of production processes. Such loss can be estimated in advance on the basis of past experience or data. Process loss is shared by usable units.

Question 5.
What is abnormal process loss?
Answer:
Any loss caused by unexpected or abnormal conditions such as plant break-down, sub-standard materials, accidents etc. should be regarded as abnormal loss.
Abnormal loss = Actual loss – Normal loss.

Question 6.
What is normal loss or normal wastage?
Answer:
Normal loss is that loss or wastage which is inevitable in production. In other words, it is that loss or wastage which is unavoidable in a manufacturing process. It is called normal loss, as it expected at normal conditions. As the normal loss or wastage is natural and unavoidable, it should be treated as a part of cost of production. So it should be absorbed by good units produced in the process.

Question 7.
How the abnormal loss is treated in process costing?
Answer:
Units of abnormal loss are given the same accounting treatment as good units – any loss in excess of the predetermined loss.

Question 8.
What is Abnormal gain?
Answer:
Abnormal loss or wastage is that loss or wastage which is in excess of normal or estimated loss or wastage. It arises not due to production process, but is due to some unforeseen or abnormal conditions or factors, such as fire, machine breakdown, negligence on the part of workers, bad design, inefficient management etc.

Question 9.
Distinguish between waste and scrap.
Answer:
Scrap is a material reduce from certain manufacturing operations that has relatively minor recovery value.
Example – Turning, borings, raw dust short length metals etc.

Whereas waste is the portion of a material that is cost in processing and which has no recovery value, material is either cost evaporates or drinks in a manufacturing process. Example – Gases, dust, smoke.

Question 10.
How do you treat the Abnormal waste is process accounts?
Answer:
The abnormal waste is to be debited to separate account called Abnormal wastage account and credited to concerned process Account. In case, abnormal wastage has any scrap value, the value should be credited to abnormal wastage account. The net abnormal loss is the balance in the abnormal loss account is to be transferred to costing P&L Account.

Question 11.
What is joint products?
Answer:
When two or more products are almost equal importance are simultaneously produced from the same raw materials, such products are termed as joint products. Example of joint products are petrol, diesel, Kerosene etc. produced in refining crude oil.

Question 12.
State any three characteristics of joint products.
Answer:
The three characteristics of joint products are:

  • They are produced simultaneously by a common process.
  • They are comparatively of almost equal value.
  • They may require further processing after their point of separation

Question 13.
What is by-product? or What do you mean by By-Product?
Answer:
The term by product is generally used to denote one or more products of relatively small value that are produced simultaneously with a product of greater value. Example of by product are shells from coco beans, cotton seed from cotton etc.

Question 14.
State the difference between joint products and by products.
Answer:
The difference between joint products and by products are:

Joint Product By Product
1. Joint products are by and large of equal importance 1. Whereas by products are of lesser importance than the main products.
2. Joint products are the main products which are produced as a part of manufacturing programme. 2. By products are incidentally produced in the manufacture of the main product.

Question 15.
What are methods of apportionment of joint costs?
Answer:
The methods of apportionment of joint costs:

  • Average unit cost method
  • Physical unit method.
  • Survey method.
  • Contribution method.
  • Contribution method.
  • Market value method.

Question 16.
What are the two methods of accounting by products?
Answer:
The two methods of accounting by products are:

  • Non-cost or sales method
  • Cost methods.

Question 17.
State any four non cost method of accounting by products?
Answer:
The four non cost method of accounting by products are:

  • Other income or miscellaneous income method.
  • By products sales added to the main product sales.
  • By product value deducted from total cost.
  • Credit of sales value less selling and distribution expenses.

Question 18.
What are the cost methods of accounting for by products?
Answer:

  • Opportunity or replacement cost method.
  • Standard cost method.
  • Apportionment on suitable basis.

Question 19.
What do you mean by inter-process profit?
Answer:
When the process industries transfer the finished goods from one process to another process for next step at a price of above cost, the excess of the transfer price over cost is called inter process profit.

Question 20.
What do you mean by internal process profit?
Answer:
When the output of one process is transferred to a subsequent process at market price or cost price it is called internal process profit.

Question 21.
State any three objectives of internal process profit.
Answer:
The three objectives of internal process profit are:

  • To show whether the cost in each process completes with the market price
  • To make each process stand on its own efficiency and economy
  • To assist in making decisions to buy or to not to buy.

Question 22.
What is equivalent production?
Answer:
Equivalent production represents the production of a process in terms of completed units. Work in progress at the end of an accounting period are, converted into equivalent completed units.
Equivalent completed units = (No. of units of WIP) x (Degree of completion in %)

SECTION – B

Question 1.
Explain features of process costing.
Answer:
The features of process costing are as follows:

  • The production is continuous.
  • The product is homogeneous.
  • The process is standardized.
  • Output of one process become raw material of another process.
  • The output of the last process is transferred to finished stock.
  • Costs are collected process-wise.
  • Both direct and indirect costs are accumulated in each process.
  • The total cost of each process is divided by the normal output of that process to find out cost per unit of that process.
  • Each department or division as separate cost center.

Question 2.
Discuss various application of process costing.
Answer:
The various applications of process costing are as follows:

  • Sending direct materials, direct labor and overhead costs to departments.
  • Sending the department costs to the units produced.
  • It is used for large numbers of identical products that are produced in a continuous manufacturing environment.
  • It is used for homogeneous and standardized products.
  • It is suitable for the goods which are stocked and produced continuously.
  • Products are manufactured in large quantities, but products may be sold in small quantities, sometimes one at a time.
  • Process costing provides managers with feedback that can be used to compare similar product costs from one month to the next, keeping costs in line with projected manufacturing budgets.
  • Managers must carefully watch per unit costs on a daily basis through the production process, while at the same time dealing with materials and output in huge quantities.
  • Materials part way through a process (e.g. chemicals) might need to be given a value, process costing allows for this.

Question 3.
Distinguish between job costing & Process costing.
Answer:

Job costing Process costing
1. Production is as per specific orders 1. Production is for stock i.e. continuous
2. Cost are determined for each job separately 2. Costs are compiled for each process for department on time basis
3. Each job is separate & independent of others 3. Products lose their individual entity as they are manufactured in a continuous flow
4. Cost are complied when a job is completed. 4. Costs are calculated at the end of the cost period.
5. There are usually no transfers from one job to another. 5. Transfer of costs from one progress to to another is made.
6. There may or may not be work-in progress at the beginning or end of accounting period. 6. There is always some work-in-process at the beginning as well as at the end of accounting period.
7. Proper control is difficult. 7. Proper control is easier.
8. It requires more forms and details regarding materials & labour due to the need for the allocation of labour, to so many orders. 8. It requires few forms and less details but a closer analysis of operations is needed.
9. It is suitable where the goods are made to customers order, production is intermittent & customer orders can be identified in the value of production. 9. It is suitable where production is for stock purpose and it is continuous.

Question 4.
State the merits and demerits of process costing.
Answer:
The merits of process costing are as follows:

  • Costs are being computed periodically at the end of a particular period.
  • It is simple and involves less clerical work that job costing.
  • It is easy to allocate the expenses to processes in order to have accurate costs.
  • Use of standard costing systems in very effective in process costing situations.
  • Process costing helps in preparation of tender and quotations.
  • Since cost data is available for each process, operation and department, good managerial control is possible.

The demerits of process costing are as follows:

  • Cost obtained at each process is only historical cost and are not very useful for effective control.
  • Process costing is based on average cost method, which is not that suitable for performance analysis, evaluation and managerial control.
  • Work-in-progress is generally done on estimated basis which leads to inaccuracy in total cost calculations.
  • The computation of average cost is more difficult in those cases where more than one type of products is manufactured and a division of the cost element is necessary.
  • Where different products arise in the same process and common costs are prorated to various costs units. Such individual products costs may be taken as only approximation and hence not reliable.

Question 5.
Explain the methods of apportionment of joint costs.
Answer:
The methods of apportionment of joint costs are:

  • Average unit cost method.
  • Physical unit method.
  • Survey method.
  • Contribution or Gross margin method.
  • Market value method.
  • At point of separation.
  • After further processing.
  • Net realisable value or Reverse cost method

Average unit cost method: It is the simplest method. The total costs are assessed, yielding an average unit cost with one net profit for the total operation, this method can be applied where profit are common and inseparatable for the joint products and where the resultant products can be expressed in some common unit.

Physical unit method: A physical base such as law materials weights, linear measure volume etc. is applied in apportioning pre separation point costs to joint products. For example if there is 40% units in product x & 60% units in product Y. 4/10 of the cost up to separation point will be charged to X & 6/10 to Y. This method is not suitable where for example one product is gas and another is a liquid.

Survey method: Under this method ail the important factors such as volume, selling price> technical side, marketing process etc. affecting costs are ascertained by means of extensive survey. These ratios should be revised from time to time depending upon the factors affecting production and sales.

Contribution or gross margin method: Under this method the marginal cost of the joint cost is apportioned on the basis of weight or quantity of each product and fixed cost on the basis of marginal contribution made by each of the products. This method provides useful information for taking decisions on maximisation of profit by rearrangement of products and sales mix

Market Value Method: This method of apportioning joint costs to products on the basis of relative value is the most popular and convenient method. The joint costs are split in the ratio of selling price of individual products. This method has two important features.
(a) All joint products tend to have uniform profit margin.

b) Cost of each of the joint product being based on selling price, should there be any change in the selling price of individual joint products,
allocation of total costs between the joint products will have to be made. Market value may mean any of the following:

  • Market value at separation point.
  • Market value after further processing.
  • Net Realisable value or reverse cost method.

Question 6.
Explain the procedure for accounting of by products.
Answer:
Accounting of by-products may be broadly classified into two categories:
(a) Non cost or sales method:
These methods do not attempt to cost by products or its inventory. The following are the main 7 methods. Which are included in this group.

  • Other income as miscellaneous Income method.
  • By-products sales added to the product sales.
  • By products value deducted from total cost.
  • Credit of sales value less selling and distribution expenses.
  • Credit of sales value less selling and distribution expenses as well as cost incurred after split off.
  • Credit of sales value less selling and distribution expenses as well as cost increased after split off and estimated profit or reverse cost method.

(b) Cost methods:
These methods attempt to apportion some of the joint costs to by products. The following methods are included under this category.

  • Opportunity cost or replacement cost method.
  • Standard cost method
  • Apportionment on suitable basis.

Other income or miscellaneous income method:
Under this method, the sales value of by product which is negligible credited to P/L A/c treating it as other or miscellaneous income. By products which are not sold and are in stock are valued at nil value for balance sheet purpose and thus vitiate the valuation of closing stock.

By product-sales added to the main product sales:
Under this method all costs increased on main and by products are deducted from the combined sales of the main product and by product. This method is generally adopted in those cases where either the value of by products is very small or where the by products are sold in the market in the state in which they emerge from the main product. By product in stock are valued at nil value for balance sheet purpose.

By product sales deducted from total cost:
Under this method, sales values of by products are deducted either from production cost or from the cost of sales. The stock in this case will be valued at total cost or cost of sales basis.

Credit of by product value less selling and distribution cost:
Under this method, the selling and distribution costs incurred for selling the by products are deducted from the sales value of by products and the net amount is other credited to process account or in deducted from total cost.

Credit of by product value less selling and distribution costs and costs incurred on by product after split off point:
Under this method selling and distribution costs and cost incurred on further processing the by-products are deducted from the sale value of the by-products and the net amount is credited to the process A/c.

II. Cost Method – Opportunity cost method:
This method is used where by products are utilised in the same undertaking as materials for some other process. The replacement cost i.e. the cost which could have been incurred had the by products being used as materials could have been purchased from the market. The process account is credited with the value of by-products so ascertained.

Standard Cost Method:
A standard cost may be fixed for each product by averaging the cost figures of the previous periods and the process account credited with this standard value.

Apportionment on suitable basis:
If the total value of by products is considerable there actual cost should be ascertained by apportioning, the joint costs upto the point of physical separation. This method is followed where by products are processed.

  • To dispose of waste materials more profitably or
  • To utilise the idle plant.

Question 7.
Distinguish between joint products and by-products.
Answer:
The difference between joint products and by-products are:

Joint Products By-Products
(1) Joint products are more or less of equal commercial value (1) Whereas by-product are of lesser commercial value.
(2) Joint products are produced together in process (2) Whereas by-products are pro-from the scrap or discarded materials of the main product.
(3) The production of joint products is not incidental. It is definite. (3) But the production of by products is just incidental to the main products.

Practical Problems

Question 1.
X Company manufactures a product 2,000 kgs, raw materials at 8 per kg were supplied to Process-I. labour cost amounted to 4,000 and production overhead incurred was 2,000. The normal loss was estimated at 10% and was sold at 2 per kg. Actual production in the process was 1760 kgs. Prepare Process-1 account and value of abnormal loss.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the meaning and treatment of abnormal loss and abnormal gain in process costing. Elaborate with the help of the deatails given. Input units – 1000 units at 100 per unit, normal loss – 10%; output – 950 units.

Question 3.
Prepare abnormal loss A/c of process A from the following details.
Materials – 30,000
Labour – 10,000
Overiieads – 7,000
Inputs (units) – 20,000
Normal loss 10%
Sale of normal wastage per unit – 1
Output – 17,000

Question 4.
In Process A 2000 unit sof raw materials were introduced a cost of 2,00,000.
The other expenditure incurred in the process was 1,20,000 of the units introduced, 5% were cost in weight and the normal loss was 5% which were sold at 8 per unit.
The output process A was only 1825 units.
Calculate the abnormal gain by preparing process A account and value of abnormal gain by showing formula.

Question 5.
A product passes through three distinct process to completion.
The cost book shows the following information.

Particulars A ( ) B( ) c( )
Material 6,000 3,000 2,000
Labour 5,000 4,000 3,000
Direct expenses 1,000 4,320 1,810

The indirect expenses for the period were 4,800 apportioned on the basis of labour. The by product of B and C process are sold for 290 and 330 respectively. Prepare the process account showing the cost of each process.

Question 6.
100 units of raw material are introduced into process A at a cost of 5 each. Normal wastage is 6% and each waste unit realises 2 actual output was 90 units. Other expenses in the process are: Wages 120 & Overhead 238.
Prepare process A A/c & Abnormal wastage A/C

Question 7.
A product is finally obtained after it passes through three distinct processes. The following information is a available from the records

Particulars Process I Process II Process III Total
Materials 2,600 2,000 1,025 5,625
Direct wages 2,250 3,680 1,400 7,330
Production overheads – – – 7,330

500 units at 4 per unit were introduced in Process. Production overheads are absorbed as a percentage of direct wages.
The actual output and normal loss of the respective process are given below:
Prepare the Process Accounts and Abnormal Gain/Loss Accounts.

Question 8.
X Ltd. processes a patent material used in building the material is produced in three consecutive processes.
Management expenses were 12,500 and selling expenses 9,500 2/3rds of the output of process I and one-half of the output of process II are passed on to the next process and the balance are sold.
The entire output of process III is sold.
Prepare the three process accounts and a statement of profit.

Question 9.
Product X is obtained after it passes through 3 distinct processes. You are required to prepare Process Accounts, Abnormal Loss and Gain Account.

Question 10.
A Product passes through three processes A,B and C.The normal wastage of each process is as follows:
Process A = 3%, B = 5%, C = 8%
Wastage of process A was sold at 2.50 per unit, that of B at 5 per unit and that of C at 10 per unit. 10,000 units were introduced to process A at 10 per unit, the other expenses were as follows:

A ( ) B ( ) C( )
Sundry materials 10,000 15,000 5,000
Labour 50,000 80,000 65,000
Direct expenses 10,500 11,888 20,000
Actual output (in units) 9,500 9,100 8,100

Prepare process accounts.

Question 11.
A product passes through three processes for completion. For the month ending 31.3.2009 the following are the details.

Question 12.
The following details are extracted from the costing books.of Chandru Copra Oil Product Ltd, for the year ended 31.3.2017.

Particulars Crushing Refining Finishing
Cost of labour Process Process Process
Electric power 5,500 2,200 3,300
Sundry material 1,320 792 528
Repairs to Plant and Machinery 220 4,400 –
Steam 616 726 308
Factory Expenses 1,320 990 990
Cost of casks 2,904 1,452 484

3200 tonnes of crude oil were produced, 2600 tonnes of oil were produced by the refining process, 2550 tonnes of refined oil were finished for delivery.
Copra sacks sold for 880, 1925 tonnes of copra residue sold for 24,200, loss in weight in crushing 275 tonnes, 500 tonnes of by products obtained from refining process were valued at 14,850.
You are required to show the account of each of the following process concerned for the purpose of arriving at cost per tone of each process.
(a) Crushing process
(b) Refining process and
(c) Finishing process including cashing

Question 13.
A factory is engaged in manufacturing. In the manufacture of main product, 100 units of certain by – product were produced. The value of the by – product was 10 per unit. The product required further processing cost amounting to 300 selling and distribution cost came to 50 Make an estimate of by product cost at the point of split off assuming that average profit earned is 10% on sales.
Solution:
x units Main product
100 units By product
Calculation of By product cost at the point of split off.
Method Reverse cost method.
a. Sale value (100 x 10)                   1000
b. Less : profit or sale (10% x 1000) (100)
900
a. Less :
(i) Further cost of processing (300)
(ii) Selling and Dist cost (50)

Question 14.
In a certain period 500 units of main product are produced and 400 units are sold at 50 per unit. The by-product emerging fro product is sold at 1,000. The total cost of production of 500 units is 15,000. Calculate the amount of gross profit after crediting the product value.
(a) to cost of production
(b) to cost of sales.

Question 15.
Calculate the estimated cost of production of by products X & Y at the point of separation from the main product.
Selling expenses amounts to 25% of total works cost i.e. including both pre-separation and post separation works cost. Selling prices are arrived at by adding 20% of total cost i.e. sum of works cost and selling expenses.

Question 16.
In manufacturing the main product, a company processes the identical waste into two by products A & B. From the following data relecting to the product, you are required to prepare a comparative P/L statement showing the individual cost & other details. The total cost upto separation period was 3,10,400.

Question 17.
X Ltd manufactures product ‘A’ which yield two products B and C. In a period, the amounts spent upto the point of separation was 20,600.

A ( ) B ( ) C( )
Materials 300 200 150
Direct wages 400 300 200
Overheads 300 270 280
1,000 770 630

Gross sales value of product A, B & C was 15,000, 10,000 and 5,000 respectively. It was estimated that the net profit as a percent’ age of sales in B & C would be 25% & 20% respectively. Ascertain the profit earned on A.

Question 18.
In manufacturing the main product “A”, a company processes the resulting waste materials into two by products B and C. Using the method of working back from sales value to an estimated cost, you are required to prepare comparative P/L statement of three products from the following data. Total cost upto separation was 1,36,000

A B C
Sales ( ) 3,28,000 32,000 48,000
Costs after separation – 9,600 14,400
Estimated net profits as percentage to sales value – 20% 30%
Estimated selling expenses as % of sales value 20% 20% 20%

Question 19.
In processing a basic raw materials, three joint products X, Y and Z produced. The joint expenses of manufacturing are:
Materials – 10,000
Labour – 8,000
Overheads – 9,000, 27,000
Subsequent expenses are as follows:

Question 20.
Udayrag Co produces A as a main product, B and C as its by products. The following expenses have been incurred for the above products.
Show the method of approtionment of joint expenses and also prepare necessary accounts.

Job and Batch Costing Questions and Answers

Job and Batch Costing Questions and Answers

SECTION – A

Question 1.
What is job costing?
An order-specific costing technique, used in situations where each job is different and is performed to the customer’s specifications is called job costing. It involves keeping an account of direct and indirect costs.

Question 2.
What is meant by job cost sheet?
Answer:
Job cost sheet is a document used to record manufacturing costs and is prepared by companies that use job-order costing system to compute and allocate costs to products and services.

Question 3.
Distinguish between job costing and batch costing.
Answer:
Under Job Costing it comprises a specific quantity of a product to be manufactured as per customer’s specifications. Under Batch Costing, it is a group or batch of identical products is ascertained and therefore each batch of products is a cost unit for which costs are ascertained.

Question 4.
State the any four features of job costing.
Answer:
The two features of job costing are as follows:

  • It tracks all costs related to jobs done by the company.
  • Each job in the Job Costing System is given a unique number that identifies the job.
  • Each job has its own characteristics and needs specific treatment.
  • Each job is treated as cost unit.

Question 5.
State the any two advantages of job costing.
Answer:
The two advantages of job costing are as follows:

  • Easy to Calculate Overheads for Specific Job.
  • Better Control over Cost.

Question 6.
State the any two limitation of job costing.
Answer:
The limitations of job costing are:

  • It involves a great deal of clerical work in recording the cost of materials daily.
  • The scope of committing mistakes are enough as cost of one job may be wrongly posted to the cost of other job.

Question 7.
Give any four examples of industries where job costing is applicable.
Answer:

  • Publishing Industry
  • Shipping Industry
  • Repairs and Installation Industry
  • Printing Industry.

Question 8.
What is batch costing?
Answer:
Batch costing refers to the identification and assignment of costs related to producing a set amount of goods. This includes all fixed and variable costs for producing the batch.

SECTION – B

Question 1.
State the features of job costing.
Answer:
The features of the Job Costing System include:

  • It tracks ail costs related to jobs done by the company.
  • Each job in the Job Costing System is given a unique number that identifies the job.
  • Each job can be subdivided into any number of activities used to track costs of individual tasks within a job.
  • Each of activitiesrefers to a general ledger account number where the costs are to be accumulated.
  • Each activity contains costs to date for that activity along with budget estimates.
  • Job cost reports can be used to compare the actual expenditures against the budgeted amounts to watch the progress of a job.
  • All of the Accounting System modules can charge costs to an activity of a job.
  • Payroll costs can be charged against an activity through the Payroll System.
  • Direct purchases are charged against an activity.
  • It is also possible to charge the cost of inventory items used against an activity.
  • It transfers the costs of a job to a work in process account while the job is in progress, and transfers those costs to the proper expense accounts when the job is completed.
  • A job may be created using existing jobs as a model.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of job order costing?
Answer:

  • It helps in finding out the cost of production of every order.
  • It helps in ascertaining profit or loss made out on its execution.
  • It helps to judge the profitability of each job.
  • It enables management to control operational inefficiency.
  • It provides accurate cost information for each job or product.
  • It enables management to reduce the cost.
  • It helps in effective decision making.
  • It provides proper valuation of work in progress.

Question 3.
What are the prerequisites of job order costing?
Answer:
The prerequisites of job order costing are as follows:

  • A sound production planning and controlling system.
  • An appropriate time booking and time keeping system to avoid idle time.
  • Maintenance of necessary records with regard to job tickets, work order, operation tickets, bills of materials and tools requirements etc.
  • Appropriate methods of overhead apportionment and absorption rate.
  • Effective designing and scheduling of production.
  • Track the costs involved in the job.
  • Make sure all of the costs are invoiced to the customer
  • Produce reports showing details of costs and revenues by job.

Question 4.
Explain the procedure of job order cost system.
Answer:
The procedure of Job costing that may be adopted for costing purposes is briefly given below:
1) Customer’s Enquiry – Production or job order is executed on the basis of enquiries received from the customers. The routine enquiries may be related to expected estimated costs to be incurred, quality to be maintained and duration for production planning etc.

2) Quotation for the Job – As per the customer’s enquiry and specifications of work or job, a responsible person is preparing the estimates or quotation and price is fixed for a specific job. And the same is conveyed to the customer appropriately.

3) Customer’s Order – If the quotation is satisfactory to the customer, he may place an order.

4) Production Order – As soon as an order is received, the Production Planning and Controlling Department will make out a production order. It is in the form of instructions issued to the foremen to execute the order and to control its physical progress. It contains all the information regarding the production. Accordingly the production control department assigns a production order number for each order or job.

5) Cost Accumulation – The Cost Accountant is responsible for preparing a Job Cost Card on the basis of production order. It is also termed as “Job Cost Sheet,” For each job the costs are collected and recorded under separate production order number. The sources of collection of costs are:

  • Direct material can be identified or obtained either from Bill of Materials or Requisition Slips or Invoices in the case of direct purchases.
  • Wages paid to direct labour is associated with a job and can be identified or recorded with the help of Time Sheet, Job Cards and Wage Analysis Sheet.
  • Direct expenses are identified on the basis of direct expenses vouchers.
  • Overheads are apportioned on some predetermined basis. It can be accumulated with the use of standing order numbers or cost account numbers.

6) Completion of Jobs – After the completion of a job, the final report is sent to the costing department with regard to charging of material, labour, and overheads which are to be recorded on the job cost sheet. The actual cost recorded under each element of cost is ascertained to find out the total cost. Any deviations from the estimated costs are also noted to take the corrective actions.

7) Profit or Loss on job – It is determined by comparing the actual cost with the price obtained.

Question 5.
State the advantages of job order costing.
Answer:
The advantages of job order costing are as follows:

  • Better Control over Cost.
  • Apply Corrective Measures fast.
  • More Co-ordination of Accounting System.
  • Easy to Calculate Overheads for Specific Job.
  • It offers a detailed analysis of the costs of materials, labor cost and overheads by functions and nature.
  • Job order costing makes it possible to appraise the profitability of a job.
  • It facilitates the estimation of the cost of a similar job.
  • Job order costing allocates overheads on the basis of a predetermined rate.
  • Job order costing makes easy to identify spoilage and defects to take corrective actions.
  • Job order costing evaluates efficiency of different types of jobs with cost records by using statistical techniques.

Question 6.
State the limitations of Job order costing.
Answer:
The limitations of job order costing are as follows:

  • This method. is relatively more labour intensive.
  • It is an expensive method.
  • With the increase in clerical work, there are chances for committing more errors and mistakes.
  • Job Costing is essentially historical costing.
  • It does not provide for the control of cost unless it is combined with estimated or standard costing system.
  • It is difficult to make cost comparison among different jobs.
  • Each job has its Own features.
  • If the employees of departments are inefficient, there will be no benefit of job costing because overhead cost will increase.

Question 7.
State the features of contract costing.
Answer:
The following are the main features of contract accounts.
(1) Higher proportion of direct costs – As most of the items of expenses can be directly identified with a contract, t though indirect, are treated as direct expenses. Expenses on telephone installed at site, site power usage, site vehicles are treated as direct expenses.

(2) Low Indirect cost – The only item of indirect cost may be head office expenses. Such cost represents only a small proportion of the contract cost and is absorbed usually on some overall basis such as percentage of total contract cost.

(3) Difficulties of cost control – The large scale of contracts and size of the site may create some major problems of cost control consuming material usage and losses,pilferage, labour supervision and utilisation, etc.

(4) Surplus materials – Surplus materials, If any will be either credited to contract account with cost of materials at the end of the contract or will be debited to new contract account, if directly transferred to another contract. If the material is not required immediately, it will be stored and the cost debited to a stock account.

Question 8.
Distinguish between job costing and batch costing.
Answer:
The difference between job costing and batch costing are:

Job Batch Costing
(i) Costs are collected and accumulated according to Jobs, Contracts. (i) Lot of similar units which com prise the batch may be used as a cost unit for ascertainment of cost.
(ii) Job is treated as a separate entity for the purpose of costing. (ii) Separate cost sheet is maintained for each batch by assigning a batch number.
(iii) Costs are found out at the stage of completion of the job (iii) Cost per unit of product is determined by dividing the total cost of a batch by the number of units of that batch.
(iv) Job costing is used in Printing, Furniture making, Ship Building etc. (iv) Batch costing is used in drug industries, readymade garments, T.V. sets, Radio’s and Electronic Components Manufacture.

Question 9.
Discuss the comparison between Job and Batch Costing.
Answer:
In case of job costing, work is undertaken as an identifiable unit and cost of each job is ascertained separately. Such a method of costing is suitable in case of motor workshop, printing press and where manufacture of products is according to customers’ specific requirements.

Batch costing is extension of job costing. Job costing refers to costing of jobs that are executed against specific orders whereas in batch costing items are manufactured for stock. In batch costing a batch may represent a number of small orders passed through the factory in batches. Each batch is treated as a unit of cost and is separately costed. Cost per unit is ascertained by dividing the total cost of the batch by number of items produced in that batch.

Question 10.
State the distinction between Job and Process Costing.
Answer:
The difference between Job and Process Costing are:

Job costing Process Costing
1. Costs are ascertained separately for each job 1. Cost are compiled process wise and cost per unit is the average cost.
2. Production is non standard items with specifications and instruction from the customers. 2. Production is of standardized products and cost units are identical
3. Production is against orders from customers 3. Production is for stocks
4. Cost are calculated when a job is completed 4. Costs are computed at the end of a specific period
5. Cost of a job is not transferred to another job. 5. Cost of one process is transferred to the next process in the sequence
6. Cost control is comparatively more difficult because cost unit or job needs individual attention. 6. Cost control is comparatively easier since products are standardized
7. Usually no transfers from are job to another 7. Product more from are process to another process.
8. Requires more forms and details for allocation of cost. 8. Requires few forms and less details

Question 11.
Give the meaning of Batch costing. What are the types of costs in batch costing.
Answer:
Batch costing is a form of specific order costing. When orders are received from different customers, there are common products among orders; then production orders may be issued for batches, consisting of a predetermined quantity of each type of product. Batch costing method is adopted in such cases to calculate the cost of each such batch.

There are two types of costs involved in Batch Costing:

  • Set up costs
  • Carrying costs.

If the batch size is increased, set up cost per unit will come down and the carrying cost will increase. If the batch size is reduced, set up cost per unit will increase and the carrying cost will come down. Economic Batch quantity will balance both these opponent costs.
The formula to be used for calculation of economic lot size is Q = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 U S}{C}}\)
Where, Q = Qty. or .units of products in the economic batch, S = Set-up cost per batch. C = Carrying cost per unit of production p.a. U = Annual units of production.

Question 12.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of batch costing?
Answer:
Advantages of batch costing are:

  • It gives less boredom for employees because they are working on more than one product.
  • It helps to make and offer a variety of products.
  • In this data helps in preparing budgets.
  • To reflects the analysis of cost elements and functions.

Disadvantages of batch costing are:

  • It involves high storage costs.
  • In this methods time is wasted.
  • It shows more and more chance of mistakes.
  • The laborious as it involves more clerical work.
  • It is more expensive compare to others.

Question 13.
Explain determination of economic batch quantity.
Answer:
Batch Costing Method production is carried on in batches. In each batch, there are a number of units. The ascertainment of economic batch quantity is very useful. Economic batch quantity may be calculated by using the -formula meant for calculating Economic Order Quantity in case of material control.
Economic Batch Quantity = \(\sqrt{\frac{2AO}{C}}\)
Where: A = Demand of components in a year. O = Setting up cost per batch. C = Cost of capital and storage (carrying cost) per unit per annum.

Question 14.
Annual demand for the component – 2,400; set-up cost per – 100; carrying cost per unit of production p.a. – 6% p.a. Manufacturing cost per unit 200.
(a) Calculate the economic batch quantity for a company using batch costing with the given information.
(b) Also find out the number of batches to be produced to meet the annual requirement.
Calculation of Economic Batch Quantity
Answer:
(a) EBQ = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 \mathrm{AS}}{\mathrm{C}}}=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 2400 \times 100}{200 \times 6 \%}}=\sqrt{\frac{4,80,000}{12}}=\sqrt{40,000}\)

(b) No.of batches = \(\frac{\text { Annual Demand }}{\text { EBQ }}=\frac{2400}{200}\) = 12

Question 15.
The demand of an item is uniform at a rate of 25 units per month.
The set up cost is 30 each time a production is made. The inventory , carrying cost is 0.50 per unit per month. Determine the economic batch quantity by using batch costing.
Answer:
EBQ = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 A S}{C}}=\sqrt{\frac{2 \times 300 \times 30}{6.00}}=\sqrt{\frac{18,000}{6.0}}\)
= 55 units/Batch
C = 25 pm x 12 months = 300 PA – A
= 0.50 x 12
= 6.00 p.a.

Practical Problems

Question 1.
Calculate the cost and selling price of the job after adding 20% profit on total cost.
Material – 12,030
Wages:Dept. A-60 hours at – 50 per hour
Dept B-40 hours at – 30 per hour
Dept C-20 hours at – 25 per hour
Variable overheads – 20 per hour
Fixed overheads – 25,000 for 1000 hours

Question 2.
The following costs were incurred on Job No. 501
Materials 9,014 Wages:
Department A 60 hours at 30 per hour
Department B 40 hours at 20 per hour
Department Q 20 hours at 50 per hour
Variable overheads:
Department A 12 per hour
Department B 20 per hour
Department C 30 per hour
Fixed overheads estimated at 40,000 for 2000 hours
You are required to find out cost of Job No. 501 and the price to profit of 25% on selling price.

Question 3.
Calculate the cost and selling price of the job after adding 25% profit on total cost.
Material 24,000
Wages – Dept A – 120 hrs at 100 per hr
Dept B – 80 hrs at 60 per hr
Dept C – 40 hrs at 50 per hr
Variable overhead 40 per hour
Fixed overhead 50,000 for 2,000

Question 4.
The following direct costs were incurred on job no. 678 of standard TV company.
Materials 4,020
Wages Dept A – 60 hours at 3 per hour
Dept B – 40 hours at 2 per hour
Dept C – 20 hours at 5 per hour
Overhead expenses were estimated as follows:
Variable overheads:
Dept A : 5,000 for 5,000 labour hours
Dept B : 3,000 for 1,500 labour hours
Dept C : 2,000 for 500 labour hours.
Fixed overheads: Estimated at 20,000 for normal working hours. You are required to calculate the cost of job no. 678 and calculate the price to give profit of 25% on selling price.

Question 5.
From the following particulars related to Job No. 101 ascertain the total cost and estimated selling price.
Direct materials 17,600
Direct labour 8,000
Works overheads are recovered on the basis of 50% of prime cost and administrative overhead 10% of works cost. A profit of 10% on total cost is to be added.
Solution:
Job cost sheet

Particulars Amount
Direct materials 17,600
Direct labour 8,000
Prime cost 25,600
Add: Works overhead 12,800
Works cost 38,400
Add: Administrative overhead 3,840
Production cost 42,240
Profit 4,220
Total cost 46,464

Question 6.
From the following particulars relating to 4 jobs of a manufacturing company as certain the total cost of each job and selling price of each job. Assuming that profit mark up is 25% on selling price.

Particulars Job A Job B Job C Job D
Materials 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800
Wages 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
Direct expenses 160 200 240 280

Works overhead is 50% prime cost and office overhead is 20% on works cost.

Question 7.
Obtain the selling price of a job from the following particulars:
Materials used 40,000
Productive wages 25,000
Direct expenses 5,000
Provide 60% of productive wages for Works-on-cost and 12.5% of works cost for Office-on-cost. Profit is to be realized at 15% on the selling price.
Solution:
Job cost sheet

Particulars
Material used
Productive wages
Direct Expenses
Prime cost
(+) Overhead:
Factory overhead (25,000 x 60%)
Work cost
Office overhead (85,000 x 12.5%)
Total cost		 40,000
25,000
5,000
70,000
15,000
85,000
10,625
95,625

Question 8.
Batch No. A – 100 incurred the following costs.
Direct material 10,000
Dept A 800 labour hours at 5 per hour
Dept B 1,400 labour hours at 6 per hour
Factory overheads are absorbed on labour hour basis and sales are 7 per hour for Dept A and 4 per hour for dept B. The firm uses a cost plus system for setting prices and expects a 25% gross profit (Sales volume minus factory cost).
Admn overheads are absorbed at 10% of selling price.
Assuming that 1,000 units were produced in Batch A – 100. Calculate the selling price per unit.

Question 9.
Job No. 800 was stated on 10th Oct 2003 and completed on 1st Nov 2003. Material used were 600 and labour charged directly to the job was 400. Other informations were as follows:
Machine No. 215 used for 40 hrs. the machine hour rate is 3.50
Machine No. 169 used for 30 hrs. the machine hour rate is 4
Six welders worked on the job for 5 days of 8 hours each, the direct labour hour rate for welders is 20 paise.
Other expenditure of the concern net apportioned for calculating the machine hour or the direct hour, rates accounted to period being 20,000
Ascertain the works cost of Job No. 800

Question 10.
From the following figures prepare a cost sheet showing cost per unit and profit for the period and profit for the period.
Opening stock of raw materials – 20,000
Purchases of Material – 1,00,000
Closing stock of Raw materials – 10,000
Direct wages – 60,000
Machine hour rate 1.25
Office overhead : 25% of works cost
Selling overhead 2 per unit
Unit produced : 6,000
Units sold: 4,000
Rate of profit: 20% on selling price

Question 11.
In a factory 20,000 units of product A were manufactured in the month of March 2009. From the following figures, prepare a cost sheet showing total cost and sales.
Opening stock of raw materials – 5,000
Purchases – 55,000
Closing stock of finished goods – 1,000
Closing stock of raw materials – 10,000
Direct wages – 25,000
Factory overheads – 40,000
Office overheads – 20,000
Profit is 25% on sales
Solution:

Question 12.
The following extracts of costing information relate to commodity for the year ending 31.12.2014.
Particulars
Purchases of raw materials – 6,000
Direct wages – 5,000
Rent Rates & Insurance – 2,000
Carriage inwards – 100
Stock (1.1.2014)
Raw materials – 1,000
Finished products 200 tonnes – 800
Stock (31.12.2014)
Raw materials – 1,100
Finished products 400 tonnes
Cost of factory supervision – 400
Sale of finished products – 15,000
Advertising and selling cost is 40 paise per tonne sold. 3,000 tonnes of the commodity were sold during the year.
Prepare a cost sheet.

Question 13.
India Products Ltd. has received an enquiry for the supply of 2,00,000 units of special type of machine screws.
The management has estimated fixed investment of 6 lakhs and working capital investment of 3,20,000 for the above product. The following further estimates are also made.
1) Requirement of raw materials 20,000 kgs at 23 per kg.
2) Required labour hours 18,000 of which 2,000 are overtime payable at double the normal labour hours rate. Normal LHR is 10
3) Works O/H – 10 per LHR.
4) There are no admn. O/H but selling and dist. exp. are 2,31,000. Amount realiased from the sale of scrap is 20,000
Management intends to have return of 25% on the total capital employed. You are required to prepare estimated job cost sheet to ascertain the price to be quoted.

Question 14.
A company has manufacturing shops. The shop floor supervisor presented the following cost for job A to determine the selling price.

B.Com 1st Sem Corporate Administration Questions and Answers

B.Com 1st Sem Corporate Administration Questions and Answers

Unit 1 Introduction of Company

Unit 2 Formation of a Company

Unit 3 Company Administration

Unit 4 Corporate Meetings

Unit 5 Formation of Global Companies

B.Com 1st Sem Corporate Administration Previous Papers

B.Com 1st Sem Corporate Administration Syllabus

OBJECTIVE :
The objective is to enable the students to get familiarized with the existing Company Law and Secretarial Procedure.

Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY (12Hrs)
Meaning and Definition-Features – Steps information of Joint Stock Company, High Lights of Companies Act 2013 – Kinds of Companies – One Person Company, Private Company, Public Company, Company limited by Guarantee, Company limited by Shares, Holding Company, Subsidiary Company, Government Company, Associate Company, Small Company, Foreign Company, Global Company, Body Corporate, Listed Company.

Unit 2: FORMATION OF A COMPANY (14Hrs)
Promotion Stage Meaning of Promoter, Position of Promoter & Functions of Promoter, Incorporation Stage – Meaning & contents of Memorandum of Association & Articles of Association, Distinction between Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, Certificate of Incorporation, Subscription Stage – Meaning & contents of Prospectus, Statement in lieu of prospects and Book Building, Commencement Stage-Document to be filed, e-filing. Register of Companies. Certificate of Commencement of Business.

Unit 3: COMPANY ADMINISTRATION (18Hrs)
Key Managerial Personnel-Managing Director, Whole-time Directors, the Companies Secretary, Chief Financial Officer, Resident Director, Independent Director, Auditors – Appointment – Powers – Duties & Responsibilities. Managing Director – Appointment – Powers – Duties & Responsibilities. Audit Committee, CSR Committee. Company Secretary -Meaning, Types, Qualification, Appointment, Position, Rights, Duties, Liabilities & Removal or dismissal.

Unit 4: CORPORATE MEETINGS (08Hrs)
Corporate Meetings-Types of meetings-Annual General Meeting-Extraordinary General Meetings-Board Meetings and Resolutions-Requisites of a valid meeting.

Unit 5: FORMATION OF GLOBAL COMPANIES (04Hrs)
Meaning-Types-Features-Legal Formalities-Administration.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT:

  • Drafting of Memorandum of Association, Drafting Articles of Association.
  • Drafting Notice of Company Meetings -Annual, Special, Extraordinary and Board meetings.
  • Drafting Resolutions of various meetings -different types.
  • Chart showing Company’s Organization Structure.
  • Chart showing different types of Companies.

B.Com 1st Sem Indian Financial System Questions and Answers

B.Com 1st Sem Indian Financial System Questions and Answers

Unit 1 Financial System

Unit 2 Financial Institutions

Unit 3 Commercial Banks

Unit 4 Regulatory Institutions

Unit 5 Financial Services

B.Com 5th Sem Indian Financial System Model Papers

B.Com 1st Sem Indian Financial System Syllabus

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with regard to the structure, organization, and working of the financial system in India.

Unit 1: FINANCIAL SYSTEM (12 Hrs)
Introduction – Meaning – Classification of Financial System. Financial Markets -Functions and Significance of Primary Market, Secondary Market, Capital market, and Money market.

Unit 2: FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (12 Hrs)
Types of banking and non-banking financial institutions, Constitution, objectives and functions of IDBI, SFCs, SIDCs, LIC, EXIM Bank, Meaning and scope of Mutual Funds.

Unit 3: COMMERCIAL BANKS (8 Hrs)
Introduction – Role of Commercial Banks – Functions of Commercial Banks – Primary Functions and Secondary Functions – Investment Policy of Commerical Banks Nasrasimaham committee report on banking sector reforms

Unit 4: REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS (12 Hrs)
Introduction, RBI – Organization – Objectives – Role and Functions. The Securities – Exchange Board of India – Organization and Objectives.

Unit 5: FINANCIAL SERVICES (12 Hrs)
Introduction – Meaning – Features – Importance. Types of Financial Services – factoring, leasing, venture capital, Consumer finance; housing and vehicle.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT

  • Draft a chart showing the financial services in the Indian Financial System.
  • List the Instruments traded in the Financial Market.
  • Draft the application forms for opening a Fixed, Current and Savings Bank A/cs.
  • Collection and recording for Foreign Exchange rates of different currencies Vis-a-vis Rupee.
  • Specimen of Debit and Credit cards.
  • Specimen of Cheque with MICR technology.

B.Com 5th Sem Income Tax Questions and Answers

B.Com 5th Sem Income Tax Questions and Answers

Unit 1 Introduction to Income Tax

Unit 2 Exempted Incomes

Unit 3 Residential Status

Unit 4 Income from Salary

Unit 5 Income from House Property

B.Com 5th Sem Income Tax Syllabus

Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO INCOME TAX (10 Hrs)
Brief History of Indian Income Tax – Legal Frame Work – Types of Taxes – Cannons of Taxation – Important Definitions: Assessment, Assessment Year, Previous Year (including Exceptions), Assessee, Person, Income, Casual Income, Gross Total Income, Agricultural Income (including Scheme of Partial Integration) – Scheme of taxation. Meaning and classification of Capita! & Revenue. Income tax authorities: Powers & functions of CBDT, CIT & A.O. (Theory only).

Unit 2: EXEMPTED INCOMES (04 Hrs)
Introduction – Exempted Incomes U/S 10 – Restricted to Individual Assessee.

Unit 3: RESIDENTIAL STATUS (10 Hrs)
Residential Status of an Individual – Determination of Residential Status – Incidence of Tax – Problems.

Unit 4: INCOME FROM SALARY (24 Hrs)
Meaning – Definition – Basis of Charge – Advance Salary – Arrears of Salary – Allowances – Perquisites – Provident Fund – Profits in Lieu of Salary – Gratuity – Commutation of Pension – Encashment of Earned leave – Compensation for voluntary retirement – Deductions from Salary U/S 16 – Problems on Income from Salary.

Unit 5: INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY (12 Hrs)
Basis of Charge – Deemed Owners – Exempted Incomes from House Property – Composite Rent – Annual Value – Determination of Annual Value – Treatment of Unrealized Rent – Loss due to Vacancy – Deductions from Annual Value – Problems on Income from House Property.

B.Com 5th Sem International Financial Reporting Standards Questions and Answers

B.Com 5th Sem International Financial Reporting Standards Questions and Answers

Unit 1 International Financial Reporting Standards

Unit 2 Accounting for Assets and Liabilities

Unit 3 Presentation of Financial Statements

Unit 4 Accounts of Groups

Unit 5 Disclosure Standards

B.Com 5th Sem International Financial Reporting Standards Syllabus

Unit-I (5Hrs)
International Financial Reporting Standards: Meaning of IFRS – relevance of IFRS to India; merits and limitations of IFRS; the process of setting IFRS- Practical challenges in implementing IFRS; a brief theoretical study of International financial reporting standards’ (IFRS) 1. 15 – List of International accounting standards issued by IASB.

Unit-II (25Hrs)
Accounting for Assets and Liabilities: Recognition criteria for Investment
properties, Government grants, Borrowing costs, Construction contracts, share-based payments, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent assets, Events occurring after the reporting period (Only Theory). Recognition and measurement for property plant and equipment, Intangible assets, Inventories, Leases and Impairment. Accounting for Income tax, Employee benefits. – Simple problems.

Unit-III (8Hrs)
Presentation of Financial Statements: Outline for the preparation of financial statements – Statement of financial position; Comprehensive income statement; Statement of changes in equity (SOCE), IAS 18. Revenue. Elements of financial statements as per IFRS. Non-current assets; current assets; equity; non-current liability; current liability; revenue; cost of sales; distribution costs; administrative expenses; financial costs, profits attributable to owners of controlling interest and non-controlling interest. Practical problems on each element.

Unit-IV (12Hrs)
Accounts of Groups: Concept of the group, need for consolidated financial statements – Preparation of consolidated financial statements. Procedure for the preparation of consolidated financial position statement, treatment of pre-acquisition profit; goodwill arising on consolidation; on-controlling interests at fair value. Practical problems.

Unit-V (6Hrs)
Disclosure Standards Related party disclosure, Earnings per share, Interim financial reporting, -Insurance contracts, Operating segments. (Theory Only).

Introduction to Costing Methods Questions and Answers

Introduction to Costing Methods Questions and Answers

SECTION – A

Question 1.
What is costing method?
Answer:
Costing methods is a system for assigning manufacturing costs to an individual product or batches of products. It is also accounting techniques that are used to help understand the value of inputs and outputs in a production process.

Question 2.
Give the meaning of costing?
Answer:
The ICMA, London, has defined the term costing as “the technique and process of ascertaining costs”.

Question 3.
Mention different categories of costing method.
Answer:
Job costing, Batch costing, Process costing, Contract costing etc.

Question 4.
What is job costing?
Answer:
An order-specific costing technique, used in situations where each job is different and is performed to the customer’s specifications is called job costing. It involves keeping an account of direct and indirect costs.

Question 5.
What is batch costing?
Answer:
Batch costing is a form of specific order costing. When orders are received from different customers, there are common products among orders; then production orders may be issued for batches, consisting of a predetermined quantity of each type of product. Batch costing method is adopted in such cases to calculate the cost of each such batch.

Question 6.
What do you mean by process costing?
Answer:
Process costing is that form of operation costing which is used to ascertain the cost of the product at each process or stage of manufacture where processers are carried on from one process to another where output of one process becomes the input for the next process till the finished product is obtained Example Chemical works textile industries etc.

Question 7.
What is contract costing?
Answer:
Contract costing is that form of specific order costing which applies where the work is undertaken according to customers’ requirements and each order is of long duration as compared to job costing.

Question 8.
Define EOQ.
Answer:
It is the reordering quantity which results in more trade discount as a result reduces the transportation costs and reduction in ordering costs.

Question 9.
Name any four industries in which Batch Costing is used.
Answer:
Four industries in which batch costing is used are:

  • Shoe manufacturing
  • Readymade garmets
  • Toys manufacturing
  • Drug Industuries

SECTION – B

Question 1.
Explain the importance of costing method.
Answer:
Costing methods are accounting techniques that are used to help under¬stand the value of inputs and outputs in a production process. By tracking and categorizing this information according to a rigorous accounting system, corporate management can determine with a high degree of accuracy the cost per unit of production and other key presentation indicators. Organisation needs this information in order to make informed decisions about production levels, pricing, competitive strategy, future investment, and a host of other concerns.

Cost records should act as a guide for future transactions and statistics data of manufacturing cost and of expense fluctuations must be maintained for the correct guidance and control of every department of the factory and to serve as a guide for future estimates, quotations and for fixing prices.

The method of presentations of cost result is also very important. In order to secure based information, there must be periodical tabulation of results, i.e., comparisons of actual cost of jobs with their corresponding estimates and comparisons of the cost of similar jon with one another.

Question 2.
Explain the different categories of costing method.
Answer:
The different categories of costing method are:
Job costing, Batch costing, Process costing, Contract costing etc.
(i) Job costing: An order-specific costing technique, used in situations where each job is different and is performed to the customer’s specifications is called job costing. It involves keeping an account of direct and indirect costs.

(ii) Batch costing: Batch costing is a form of specific order costing. When orders are received from different customers, there are common products among orders; then production orders may be issued for batches, consisting of a predetermined quantity of each type of product. Batch costing method is adopted in such cases to calculate the cost of each such batch.

(iii) Process costing: Process costing is that form of operation costing which is used to ascertain the cost of the product at each process or stage of manufacture where processers are carried on from one process to another where output of one process becomes the input for the next process till the finished product is.obtained Example Chemical works textile industries etc.

(iv) Contract costing: Contract costing is that form of specific order costing which applies where the work is undertaken according to customers’ requirements and each order is of long duration as compared to job costing.

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2015

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2015

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 70

Instructions to candidates:
1. Immediately after the commencement of the examination, you should check that this booklet does not have any unprinted or torn or missing pages or items, etc. If any of the above defects is found, get it replaced by a complete question booklet of the available series.

2. Write clearly the question booklet version code A,B,C,D or E in the appropriate space provided for the purpose, in the OMR answer sheet.

3. Enter the name of the subject, Reg. No., question booklet version code and affix signature on the OMR Sheet. /As the answer sheets are designed to suit the optical mark reader (O.M.R.) system, special care should be taken to fill those items accurately.

4. This question booklet contains 55 questions Part A contains 40 questions of One mar each. Part B contains 15 questions of 2 marks each. All questions must be attempted. Each question contains four answers, among them one correct answer should be selected and shade the corresponding option in the OMR sheet.

5. All the answers should be marked only on the OMR sheet provided and only with a black or,blue ink ball point pen. If more than one circle is shaded/ wrongly shaded/half shaded fora given question no marks will be awarded.

6. Questions are in both english and kannada. If any confusion arises in the Kannada version, please refer to the english version of the questions.

7. Immediately after the final bell indicating the closure of the examination, stop making any further markings in the OMR answer sheet. Be seated till the OMR answer sheet is collected. After handing over the OMR answer sheet of the invigilator you may leave the examination hall.

PART – A

Note: Answer all questions: Each question carries one mark. (1 x 40 = 40)

1. Christians follow the prechings of __________.
a. Jesus Christ
b. Guru Nanak
c. Mohammad Paigambar
d. Buddha
Answer:
a. Jesus Christ

2. Buddhism, jainish and Sikhism are born out __________.
a. Islam
b. Christianity
c. Hinduism
d. Parsee
Answer:
c. Hinduism

3. Muslims believe in __________.
a. Atheism
b. Monotheism
c. Polytheism
d. Fetishism
Answer:
b. Monotheism

4. Siddartha, popularly known as __________ was the founder of Buddhims.
a. Guru Nanak
b. Gautama Buddha
c. Mahaveera
d. Shankara
Answer:
b. Gautama Buddha

5. India is the __________ largest populated country in the world.
a. Fourth
b. Third
c. Second
d. First
Answer:
c. Second

6. __________ media includes radio, cinema, television, films, e-resources etc.
a. Print
b. Electrical
c. Electronic
d. Visual
Answer:
c. Electronic

7. __________ Media includes newspapers book, Journals and magazines.
a. Print
b. Electrical
c. Electronic
d. Visual
Answer:
a. Print

8. Buddhism has two main divisions __________ and __________.
a. Shwethambarand Digambar
b. Hinayana and Mahayana
c. Shia and Sunni
d. Catholic and Protestant
Answer:
b. Hinayana and Mahayana

9. The word caste is derived from the Spanish word __________.
a. Caste
b. Jati
c. Casta
d. Race
Answer:
c. Casta

10. __________ counciis regulate and control the behaviour of its members.
a. Race
b. Class
c. Panchayat
d. Caste
Answer:
d. Caste

11. The summer season in India begins in the month of march and ends in the month of __________.
a. April
b. May
c. June
d. July
Answer:
b. May

12. Biological or racial differences are referred to as __________.
a. Ethnic
b. Urban
c. Indian
d. Rural
Answer:
a. Ethnic

13. The name India is derived from the river __________.
a. Cauvery
b. Indus/Sindhu
c. Brahmaputra
d. Gangas
Answer:
d. Gangas

14. The term Harijans was used by __________.
a. Subhas Chandra Bose
b. Jawaharlai Nehru
c. G.S. Ghurye
d. Mahatma Gandhi and media.
Answer:
c. G.S. Ghurye

15. Mass media includes both __________ and __________ media.
a. Electronic and Print
b. Electrical and Print
c. Television and Print
d. Radio and Print
Answer:

16. The monsoons enter into India in two branches. They are __________ and __________.
a. Arbian sea and Bay of Bengal
b. Atlantic Ocean and Arabian Sea
c. Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean
d. Atlantic Ocean and Bay of Bengal
Answer:
a. Arbian sea and Bay of Bengal

17. Winter season in India is from __________.
a. March to May
b. June to August
c. September to November
d. December to February
Answer:
d. December to February

18. The Muslims in India are broadly grouped into __________.
a. Four
b. Three
c. Two
d. Five
Answer:
d. Five

19. Muslims pers&nal laws are based on __________.
a. Shariat
b. Mahabharatha
c. Granth Sahib
d. Tripitika
Answer:
a. Shariat

20. Jainism has two main divisions_________ and ________.
a. Shwethambar and Digambar
b. Hinayana and Mahayana
c. Shia and Sunni
d. Catholic and Protestant
Answer:
a. Shwethambar and Digambar

21. British followed ________ policy to rule India.
a. Unite
b. Divide and Rule
c. Socialist
d. Economic
Answer:
b. Divide and Rule

22. Communalism __________ the unity and integrity of a country.
a. Increases
b. Ruins
c. Follows
d. Admiress
Answer:
b. Ruins

23. Fundamentalism is ________ in nature.
a. Economic
b. Social
c. Religious
d. Political
Answer:
c. Religious

24. Globalization tends to replace cultural plurality by ________.
a. Ethnicity
b. Capacity
c. Dignity
d. Uniformity
Answer:
d. Uniformity

25. __________ were In the bottom-most/lowest position of the ladder.
a. Untouchables
b. Kshatriyas
c. Brahmins
d. Vaishyas
Answer:
a. Untouchables

26. The Himachal Range is located between the Shivalik and ________.
a. Greater Himalays
b. Mountains
c. Coastal Plains
d. Himadn
Answer:
a. Greater Himalays

27. _________ is/are the famous valleys in the Himachal region.
a. Ranikhet
b. Kangra and Kulu
c. Pir Panjal
d. Mahabharat
Answer:
b. Kangra and Kulu

28. ________ is the origin of river Ganga.
a. Badrinath
b. Kedaranath
c. Haridwar
d. Gangotri
Answer:
d. Gangotri

29. ___________ islands are formed by hard volcanic rocks and are situated in the.
a. Gulf of Mannar
b. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
c. Coral Island
d. Lakshadweep
Answer:
b. Andaman and Nicobar Islands

30. Indian climate can be classified into ________categories.
a. Two
b. Four
c. Five
d. Six
Answer:
b. Four

31. Family is the agency of ________.
a. Tourism
b. Socialization
c. Media
d. Industry
Answer:
b. Socialization

32. A family with husband, wife and unmariled children, is called a ________.
a. Joint
b. Nuclear
c. Extended
d. Blended
Answer:
b. Nuclear

33. __________ implies distribution of society into social classes.
a. Socialism
b. Social stratification
c. Religion
d. Community
Answer:
d. Community

34. ________ system divided Indian Society into Brahmlns, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
a. yama
b. Class
c. Mauryan
d. Religion
Answer:
a. yama

35. In India_________ is the major religion after Hinduism.
a. Buddhism
b. Christianity
c. Islam
d. Sikh
Answer:
c. Islam

36. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes and Religious Minorities are _________ Sections.
a. Big
b. Strong
c. Weaker
d. Privileged
Answer:
d. Privileged

37. Communalism is a great threat to our _________ state.
a. Religious
b. Caste
c. Socialist
d. Secular
Answer:
d. Secular

38. NCLP means ________.
a. National Child Labour Project
b. National Children Life Project
c. New Children Learn Policy
d. New Common Liberal Policy
Answer:
a. National Child Labour Project

39. Family is the ________ of society
a. Burden
b. Basic unit
c. Life
d. Head
Answer:
b. Basic unit

40. ________ is not the function of family.
a. Reproduction
b. Socialization
c. Protection
d. Administration
Answer:
a. Reproduction

Part – B

Note: Answer all questions. Each question carries two marks. (2 x 15 = 30)

41. India is a ________ located in South Asia.
a. Peninsula
b. Country
c. Territory
d. Continent
Answer:
b. Country

42. India covers about ________ of the world’s total land area.
a. 25%
b. 4.2%
c. 10%
d. 2.4%
Answer:
d. 2.4%

43. According to the 2011 census, the total population of India is about ________ crores.
a. 121
b. 100
c. 120
d. 75
Answer:
a. 121

44. Constitutionally recognized languages in India are ________.
a. Ten
b. Twelve
c. Eighteen
d. Fifteen
Answer:
c. Eighteen

45. Indian social structure and cultural patterns are characterized by ________.
a. Culture
b. Unity
c. Ethnicity
d. Diversity
Answer:
b. Unity

46. Indian culture is a mix of the immigrant Aryan cultural heritage, the native ________ indigenous culture and also invading civilizations.
a. Dravidian
b. Aryan
c. Mongolian
d. Australoid
Answer:
a. Dravidian

47. Sociologists opine that ________ is the essence of caste system.
a. Polygamy
b. Monogamy
c. Endogamy
d. Exogamy
Answer:
d. Exogamy

48. Ethnocentrism may lead to ________.
a. Hydrophobia
b. Euphobia
c. Xenophobia
d. Caste phobia
Answer:
c. Xenophobia

49. The word family is derived from the latin word ________.
a. Family
b. Famulun
c. Famule
d. None of the these
Answer:
d. None of the these

50. ________ means marriage within the caste.
a. Exogamy
b. Endogamy
c. Monogamy
d. Polygamy
Answer:
b. Endogamy

51. India has tribal population mainly in ________ zones.
a. Eight
b. Four
c. Three
d. Two
Answer:
a. Eight

52. The term McDonaldization was first used by the sociologist ________.
a. Max Weber
b. Karl Marx
c. George Ritzer
d. Herbert Spencer
Answer:
c. George Ritzer

53. The first backward classes commission under the chairmanship of ________ was set up on 20th January 1953.
a. Ashok Mehta
b. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
c. Kaka Kalelkar
d. Balvant Rai Mehta
Answer:
c. Kaka Kalelkar

54. India is a peninsular country and has both ________ and ________ frontiers.
a. Water and water
b. Water and forest
c. Mountains and river
d. Land and water
Answer:
d. Land and water

55. The four divisions of India are Northern Mountains, the Great Northern Plain, Peninsular Plateau and ________.
a. Indian Ocean
b. Coastal Plains
c. Himalayas
d. Shivalik Range
Answer:
b. Coastal Plains

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2016

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2016

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 70

Instructions to candidates:
1. Immediately after the commencement of the examination, you should check that this booklet does not have any unprinted or torn or missing pages or items, etc. If any of the above defects is found, get it replaced by a complete question booklet of the available series.

2. Write clearly the question booklet version code A,B,C,D or E in the appropriate space provided for the purpose, in the OMR answer sheet.

3. Enter the name of the subject, Reg. No., question booklet version code and affix signature on the OMR sheet. As the answer sheets are designed to suit the optical mark reader (O.M.R.) system, special care should be taken to fill those items accurately.

4. This question booklet contains 55 questions Part A contains 40 questions of One mar each. Part B contains 15 questions of 2 marks each. AH questions must be attempted. Each question contains four answers, among them one correct answer should be selected and shade the corresponding option in the OMR sheet.

5. All the answers should be marked only on the OMR sheet provided and only with a black or blue ink ball point pen. If more than one circle is shaded/ wrongly shaded/half shaded for a given question no marks will be awarded.

6. Questions are in both english and kannada. If any confusion arises in the Kannada version, please refer to the english version of the questions.

7. Immediately after the final bell indicating the closure of the examination, stop making any further markings in the OMR answer sheet. Be seated till the OMR answer sheet is collected. After handing over the OMR answer sheet of the invigilator you may leave the examination hall.

PART – A

Note: Answer all questions: Each question carries one mark. (1 x 40 = 40)

1. Facilities for health care and education in rural sector are __________.
a. good
b. none of these
c. poor
d. very good
Answer:
c. poor

2. The dual responsibilities of employed women are __________.
a. Job and child
b. job and family
c. Job and sports
d. None of these
Answer:
b. job and family

3. Reservations were provided to SC and ST in Indian Constitution to create opportunities for them to give __________.
a. Inequality
b. Dominance
c. Equality
d. None of these
Answer:
c. Equality

4. The report of Mandal Commission was implemented in 1990 during the Prime Ministership of __________.
a. V.P. Singh
b. Charan Singh
c. Deve Gowda
d. Chandrashekar
Answer:
a. V.P. Singh

5. In Karnataka Telugu speaking people are referred to as linguistic __________.
a. Intellectuals
b. Majority
c. Rich
d. Minority
Answer:
d. Minority

6. Which is the largest circulating Kannada news paper in Karnataka?
a. Prajavani
b. Vijayavani
c. kannada Prabha
d. Vijaya Karnataka
Answer:
d. Vijaya Karnataka

7. Radio, cinema, television comes under __________ media.
a. Educational media
b. Electronic media
c. Social media
d. Print media
Answer:
b. Electronic media

8. Kailash Satyarthi who was awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for his fight against child labour is originally form the State of __________.
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Himachal Pradesh
c. Rajasthan
d. Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
d. Madhya Pradesh

9. Television era started in India __________.
a. 1990
b. 1980
c. 1970
d. 1960
Answer:
d. 1960

10. Fundamentalism is an extreme form of __________.
a. Naxalism
b. Linguism
c. Terrorism
d. Secularism
Answer:
b. Linguism

11. In Regionalism, Khalisthan Movement started in which State?
a. Jammu and Kashmir
b. Punjab
c. Rajasthan
d. Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
b. Punjab

12. KFC is the best example for McDonaldization, which means __________.
a. King Fisher Company
b. Kentucky Fried Chicken
c. Karnataka Fisheirs Corporation
d. Korean Fast Chicken
Answer:
b. Kentucky Fried Chicken

13. Which is not one among the media ethics?
a. No vulgarity
b. No communal writing
c. Right to privacy
d. Provoking violence
Answer:
b. No communal writing

14. The Jio 4G introduced by __________.
a. Panasonic Group
b. Samsung Company
c. Reliance Group
d. Aditya Birla Group
Answer:
c. Reliance Group

15. Ksheera Bhagya was introduced in karnataka to promote __________.
a. Farmers in Agriculture
b. Primary Education
c. Women Empowerment
d. Malnutrition Eradication
Answer:
d. Malnutrition Eradication

16. Kasargod Border Dispute started between the States __________.
a. Tamil nadu and Kerala
b. Kerala and Karnataka
c. Karnataka and maharashtra
d. Maharashtra and Telangana
Answer:
b. Kerala and Karnataka

17. An effective print media which is popular in rural India __________
a. Journals
b. Magazines
c. Books
d. News papers
Answer:
d. News papers

18. NCLP means __________.
a. National Child Labour Project
b. National Children Life Project
c. new Children Learn Policy
d. New Common Liberat Policy
Answer:
a. National Child Labour Project

19. Ethnocentrism may lead to __________.
a. Hydrophobia
b. Euphobia
c. Xenophobia
d. Caste phobia
Answer:
c. Xenophobia

20. UNICEF was founded in the year __________.
a. December 11, 1946
b. December 11, 1947
c. December 11, 1948
d. December 11, 1949
Answer:
a. December 11, 1946

21. Buddha was awakened at __________.
a. Gaya
b. Dharmashala
c. Indraprastha
d. Kaushambi
Answer:
d. Kaushambi

22. Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha are called as __________.
a. Samskaras
b. Purusharthas
c. Ashrama System
d. Gurukula System
Answer:
b. Purusharthas

23. Shabda Kirtana is found in __________ Dharma.
a. Sikhism
b. Jainism
c. Buddhism
d. Hinduism
Answer:
d. Hinduism

24. The dance Yakshagana is found in __________.
a. Kerala
b. Karnataka
c. Tamil Nadu
d. Goa
Answer:
b. Karnataka

25. Which national festival is celebrate in Rajpath Delhi?
a. Republic Day
b. Independence Day
c. Gandhi Jayanthi
d. a and b only
Answer:
b. Independence Day

26. As per 2011 census of India rural population of India is around __________.
a. 90%
b. 70%
c. 85%
d. 60%
Answer:
b. 70%

27. Women employees are not preferred by corporates mainly due to __________.
a. Laziness
b. Lack of work
c. Maternity leave
d. None of these
Answer:
c. Maternity leave

28. In olden days stratification was used to link castes with __________.
a. Income
b. Equality
c. Occupation
d. None of these
Answer:
c. Occupation

29. Agro sector is another area in Indian subcontinent where women employees are __________.
a. Organised
b. Unorganised
c. Displaced
d. Integrated
Answer:
d. Integrated

30. Who among the following excelled in Science and Technology?
a. Maneka Gandhi
b. Kiran Bedi
c. Kiran MazumdarShaw
d. Sania Mirza
Answer:
c. Kiran MazumdarShaw

31. Joint family, normally means __________.
a. Husband-wife
b. Parents and children
c. 2-4 generations together
d. None of these
Answer:
c. 2-4 generations together

32. Nuclear family now-a-days consists of __________.
a. Father and son
b. Parents and children
c. Mother and daughter
d. Parents only
Answer:
b. Parents and children

33. As per 1951 census, the rural population of India was around __________.
a. 75%
b. 85%
c. 80%
d. 95%
Answer:
b. 85%

34. Big farm owners normally get their sales revenues __________.
a. Daily
b. Weekly
c. Monthly
d. Seasonally
Answer:
d. Seasonally

35. Rural women migrate to urban places mainly due to __________.
a. Harassment
b. Fear
c. Children
d. Marriage
Answer:
d. Marriage

36. ‘Cradle of Temples’ a Hindu temple architecture is located at __________.
a. Aihole
b. Belur
c. Tanjavur
d. Srirangam
Answer:
a. Aihole

37. Rhinoceros are considered endangered animal, found in __________ State.
a. Kerala
b. Karnataka
c. Himachal Pradesh
d. Assam
Answer:
d. Assam

38. How many languages are listed in 2001 Census?
a. 222
b. 122
c. 133
d. 333
Answer:
b. 122

39. Gir Lions Sanctuary are located in which State?
a. Gujarath
b. Rajasthan
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Karnataka
Answer:
a. Gujarath

40. If Hindus go to temple, Sikh go to __________.
a. Mosque
b. Church
c. Gompa
d. Gurudwara
Answer:
d. Gurudwara

Part – B

Note: Answer all questions. Each question carries two marks.

41. Two major pills of Indian Society __________.
1. Class System
2. Joint family village
3. Nuclear family
a. 1&2
b. 4&3
c. 2&4
d. 1&3
Answer:
c. 2&4

42. Religious fundamentalism is opposed to __________.
a. Linguism
b. Extremism
c. Terroism
d. Secularism
Answer:
d. Secularism

43. Which one of the following are main characteristics of religious fundamentalism?
a. Strong beliefs in sacred texts
b. Intolerance of other religious belief system
c. Dislike modernity
d. All the above
Answer:
d. All the above

44. Match the following:
1. Article 17 – A. Implementation of reservation for SC/ST
2. Article 15 – B. Abolishing untouchability practice
3. Article 16(4A) – C. Reservation of vacant position for backward classes
4. Article 40 – D. Admission in private and aided institutions for SC/ST students
a. 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A
b. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D 4-A
c. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D
d. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
Answer:
c. 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D

45. Following are the characteristics of nuclear family
i) Common property
ii) Common worship
iii) Small size
iv) Freedom to choose occupation
Choose the correct one
a. i) and ii) only
b. ii) and iii) only
c. ii) and iv) only
d. all the above
Answer:
d. all the above

46. Types of family based on population
Match the following:
1. Nuclear family – A.Consisting of relatives of father and mother
2. Joint family – B. Parents having children from their previous marriage
3. Extended joint family – C. Consisting of more than two generations
4. Blended family – D. Consisting of parents and unmarried children
a. 1-D, 2-C, 3-A, 4-B
b. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
c. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B
d. 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
Answer:
b. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D

47. Match the following:
A. 5k – i. Jainism
B. Gaya – ii. Hinduism
C. Basadi – iii. Buddhims
D. Puranas – iv. Sikhism
a. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
c. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
d. A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
Answer:
c. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii

48. Match the following:
A. Raj path – i. Independence Day
B. Red fort – ii. Rajasthan
C. Kumbamela – iii. Haridwar
D. Pushkar – iv. Republic Day
a. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii
b. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii
c. A-i, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii
d. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i
Answer:
a. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii

49. (i) Rigveda, Samaveda, Atharvanaveda, Yajurveda
(ii) Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvanaveda
(iii) Samaveda, Yajurveda, Rigveda, Atharvanaveda
(iv) Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvanaveda, Rigveda Choose correct chronological order
a. i
b. ii
c. iii
d. iv
Answer:
b. ii

50. Who gave the concept of ‘Ethnocentrism’?
a. Auguste Comte
b. W.G. Summer
c. Karl Marx
d. Max Weber
Answer:
b. W.G. Summer

51. Ethnocentrism is a/an __________.
a. Empathetic tendency of viewing other culture
b. Tendency of viewing issues from feminist point of view
c. Tendency of viewing issues from international point of view
d. Tendency of pledging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.
Answer:
d. Tendency of pledging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.

52. Integrating international market across the geographic and political boundary so that goods, commodities, services, capital, labour and human population can move freely. It refers to __________.
a. Privatisation
b. Industrialisation
c. Urbanisation
d. Globalization
Answer:
d. Globalization

53. Western Ghats are also known as __________ in Karnataka.
a. Manasa
b. Vanashri
c. Vrukshasri
d. Sahyadri
Answer:
d. Sahyadri

54. Consider the following statements:
i) Total geographical area of India is 32,87,2963 sq.km with 1.24 billion population
ii) Total geographical area of India is 42,867,263 sq.km with 1.24 million population
Correct statements:
a. Both i) and ii)
b. ii) only
c. i) only
d. None of these
Answer:
c. i) only

55. Match the following and mark the correct set:
1. Nagas – A. Karnataka
2. Soligas – B. Tibeto-Chinese
3. Jarava – C. Assam
4. Santal – D. Andaman and Nicobar Island
a. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
b. A-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
c. 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B
d. 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
Answer:
a. 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2017

B.Com 5th Sem Culture, Diversity and Society Question Paper Dec 2017

Time : 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 70

Instructions to candidates:
1. Immediately after the commencement of the examination, you should check that this booklet does not have any unprinted or torn or missing pages or items, etc. If any of the above defects is found, get it replaced by a complete question booklet of the available series.

2. Write clearly the question booklet version code A,B,C,D or E in the appropriate space provided for the purpose, in the OMR answer sheet.

3. Enter the name of the subject, Reg. No., question booklet version code and affix signature on the OMR sheet. As the answer sheets are designed to suit the optical mark reader (O.M.R.) system, special care should be taken to fill those items accurately.

4. This question booklet contains 55 questions Part A contains 40 questions of One mar each. Part B contains 15 questions of 2 marks each. All questions must be attempted. Each question contains four answers, among them one correct answer should be selected and shade the corresponding option in the OMR sheet.

5. AH the answers should be marked only on the OMR sheet provided and only with a black or blue ink ball point pen. If more than one circle is shaded/wrongly shaded/half shaded for a given question no marks will be awarded.

6. Questions are in both english and kannada. If any confusion arises in the Kannada version, please refer to the english version of the questions.

7. Immediately after the final bell indicating the closure of the examination, stop making any further markings in the OMR answer sheet. Be seated till the OMR answer sheet is collected. After handing over the OMR answer sheet of the invigilator you may leave the examination hall.

PART – A

Note: Answer all questions: Each question carries one mark. (1 x 40 = 40)

1. Which of the following was separatist movement?
a. Bhoodam Movement
b. Appiko movement
c. Khalistan movement
d. Narmada Bacho movement
Answer:
c. Khalistan movement

2. ________ ¡s an example of religious fundamentalism.
a. WWF
b. BBC
c. BCCI
d. ISIS
Answer:
d. ISIS

3. Which committee report describes the regional disparities in Karnataka?
a. Najundappa Committee report
b. Havanur Committee Report
c. Chinnappa Reddy Committee Report
d. Mandal Commission Report
Answer:
a. Najundappa Committee report

4. Who coined the term Ethnocentrism?
a. Max Weber
b. Emile Durkkheim
c. W.G. Sumner
d. Karl Marx
Answer:
c. W.G. Sumner

5. Globalisation tends to replace cultural plurality by ________.
a. Ethnicity
b. Capacity
c. Dignity
d. Uniformity
Answer:
d. Uniformity

6. Which of the following is not a characteristics of joint family in India?
a. Common kitchen
b. Common worship
c. Promotion of individual
d. Joint owner ship property
Answer:
d. Joint owner ship property

7. Vokkaliga and Lingayat are the two dominant castes found in ________.
a. Kerala
b. Andhra Pradesh
c. Karnataka
d. Tamil Nadu
Answer:
c. Karnataka

8. Which of the following tribes belong to Karnataka?
a. Soligas
b. Bondas
c. Nagas
d. Gonds
Answer:
a. Soligas

9. Communalism denotes ________ between different religious groups.
a. Antagonism
b. Harmony
c. Friendship
d. None of these
Answer:
a. Antagonism

10. Religious fundamentalism breeds ________.
a. Unity
b. Separation
c. Tolerance
d. Integration
Answer:
d. Integration

11. George Rltzer gave the famous concept of _______.
a. Mc Donaldization
b. Globalisation
c. Socialisation
d. Privatisation
Answer:
a. Mc Donaldization

12. ______ year is considered as 1ntemational year of Children”.
a. 1979
b. 1975
c. 1981
d. 1971
Answer:
a. 1979

13. ________ ArtIcle of the Indian Constitution States no child below 4 years of age shall be employed to work in any factory or In an hazardous employment.
a. Article 24
b. Article 14
c. Article 40
d. ArtIcle 32
Answer:
a. Article 24

14. Mass media in general Includes ________ and ________ media,
a. Print and Electronic
b. Art and Architecture
c. Reality shows
d. None of these
Answer:
a. Print and Electronic

15. Mass media moulds ________.
a. Court judgements
b. Public opinion
c. Foreign policy
d. Climate change
Answer:
b. Public opinion

16. The Jam Kashi of India Is _______.
a. Shravanabelagola
b. Haridwara
c. Agra
d. Hrishikesha
Answer:
a. Shravanabelagola

17. Negroids are found among the hills tribes of _______.
a. South India and Andaman Islands
b. North India
c. Central India
d. North-East India
Answer:
d. North-East India

18. Plural society means ________.
a. Co-existence of multiple social groups
b. Existence of single ethnic group
c. Existence of single religious group
d. None ottheše
Answer:
d. None ottheše

19. _________ is the basic unit of any society.
a. Family
b. Marriage
c. Caste
d. Class
Answer:
a. Family

20. The eldest male member of the joint family is ________.
a. Shreshta
b. Kiriya
c. Kartha
D. Kriya
Answer:
c. Kartha

21. India and china boundary line Is known as ________.
a. Palk Strait
b. Mc Mohan Line
c. Radicliff Line
d. None of these.
Answer:
b. Mc Mohan Line

22. The birth of Jog Falls Is from the river _________.
a. Kaven
b. Sharavathi
c. Bedthl
d. Gangavall
Answer:
b. Sharavathi

23. Doctrines of karma, dharma, immortality of soul and moksha are associated with _________.
a. Buddhlms
b. Zoarastriasm
c. Sikhism
d. Hlndusim
Answer:
d. Hlndusim

24. _________ is the oldest veda.
a. Samaveda
b. Yajurveda
c. Atharvaveda
d. Rigveda
Answer:
d. Rigveda

25. Jalli Kattu sports is popular In the State of ________.
a. Karnataka
b. Andhra Pradesh
c. Tela ngana
d. Tamil Nadu
Answer:
d. Tamil Nadu

26. _________ is the disadvantage of Joint family.
a. Retarding personal growth and development
b. Social Insecurity
c. Ensuring economy of expenditure
d. Social Insurance agent
Answer:
d. Social Insurance agent

27. _________ is an achieved status.
a. Cdste
b. Gender
c. Class
d. Religion
Answer:
c. Class

28. Caste Is an/a ________ group.
a. Endogamous
b. Exogamous
c. Quasi
d. Democratic
Answer:
a. Endogamous

29. Article _________ of the Indian Constitution declares “all are equal before law”.
a. 15
b. 16
c. 14
d. 13
Answer:
c. 14

30. ________ of the people in India re living in villages,
a. 38%
b. 57%
c. 87%
d. 67%
Answer:
d. 67%

31. Gender discrimination is based on ________.
a. Social and cultural aspects
b. Western influence
c. Linguistic aspects
d. Racial aspects
Answer:
a. Social and cultural aspects

32. Who is the present Defence Minister of India?
a. Mayawathi
b. Manohar Parrikker
c. Nirmala Sitaram
d. Smriti Irani
Answer:
c. Nirmala Sitaram

33. One of the major reasons contributing for Indian urbanisation is _______.
a. Rural-Urban migration
b. Urban-rural migration
c. Rural-Rural migration
d. Urban-urban migration
Answer:
a. Rural-Urban migration

34. According to 2011 census, the sex ratio of women is ________ per 1000 men.
a. 940
b. 933
c. 943
d. 931
Answer:
a. 940

35. The National Commission for women was set up in the year ________.
a. 1992
b. 1932
c. 1952
d. 1972
Answer:
a. 1992

36. The boundary between India and Pakistan is called ________.
a. Me Mohan Line
b. Palk Straight
c. Radcliff Line
d. Durand Line
Answer:
a. Me Mohan Line

37. In the concept of Unity in Diversity the word Unity refers to _______.
a. Solidarity and we-feeling
b. Divisiveness
c. Hatredness
d. None of these
Answer:
d. None of these

38. Muslims believe in the concept of ________.
a. Monotheism
b. Polytheism
c. Animism
d. Fetishism
Answer:
a. Monotheism

39. ________ is the oldest Dravidian language.
a. Tamil
b. Kannada
c. Telugu
d. Malayalam
Answer:
a. Tamil

40. Racial diversity is characterised by _______.
a. Linguistic difference
b. Socio-economic differences
c. Religious differences
d. Inherited biological difference
Answer:
b. Socio-economic differences

Part – B

Note: Answer all questions. Each question carries two marks. (2 x 15 = 30)

41. Two sects of Islam are _______.
a. Hinayana and Mahayana
b. Catholics and Protestant
c. Kamma and Naidu Match
d. Shai and Sunni
Answer:
d. Shai and Sunni

42. Match the following:

A (Religious) B (Prophet)
1. Christianity i. Gurunanak
2. Islam ii. Gautham Buddha
3. Sikh iii. Mahammed Paigamber
4. Buddhims iv. Jesus Christ
v. Mahaveera

a. 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii
b. 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
c. 1-iii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-ii
d. 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii
Answer:
a. 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii

43. _______ and ________ are two important agencies of socialisation.
a. College and Universities
b. Family and neighbourdhood
c. Central Government and State Government
d. BCCI and ICC
Answer:
b. Family and neighbourdhood

44. The parameter of globalisation is ________.
a. Reduction of Trade Barriers
b. Reduction in goods
c. Reduction in technology
d. Reduction of contact
Answer:
a. Reduction of Trade Barriers

45. The Indian child labour activist who got Nobel Prize ________.
a. Ravindranath Tagore
b. Kailash Satyarthi
c. Amartya Sen
d. Mother Teresa
Answer:
b. Kailash Satyarthi

46. Match the following:

A B
1. Nugratuibs A. Employment opportunities
2. Industrailization B. Urbanization process
3. Modernization C. Free market
4. Globalization D. Science and technology
E. Social disharmony

Code:
a. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
b. 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D
c. 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
d. 1-A, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B
Answer:
a. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C

47. Match the following:

A (Thinkers) B(Contributions)
1. G.S. Ghurye i. India’s first professor in sociology
2. M.N. Srinivas ii. Castes of minds (Book)
3. Patric Geddes iii. Behnd the mind walks
4. Nicholas Dirks iv. Dominant caste
v. Six characteristic of caste

a. 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
b. 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-v
c. 1-v, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii
d. 1-A, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B
Answer:
a. 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv

48. Ethnocentrism in extreme cases may lead to ________.
a. Hydrophobia
b. Euphobia
c. Xenophobia
d. Caste phobia
Answer:
d. Caste phobia

49. Secularism is a contrasting phenomenon of ________.
a. Democracy
b. Socialism
c. Nationalism
d. Communalism
Answer:
a. Democracy

50. Apart from caste and class the other two forms of social stratification are ________.
a. Primary and secondary group
b. Ingroup and outgroup
c. Slavery and Estate
d. Diad and Triad
Answer:
a. Primary and secondary group

51. The three striking features of Indian society ________.
a. Family, marriage and kinship
b. Village, towns and cities
c. Pollution, urbanisation and Crime
d. Joint family, caste system and village life
Answer:
a. Family, marriage and kinship

52. Three tiers of Panchayat Raj institutions are ________.
a. Grama Panchayat, Local, Village
b. Mega City, Zilla Panchaya, Grama Panchayat
c. Hobli, Grama Panchayat, Zilla Panchaya
d. Grama Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Zilla Panchayat

53. The two cities of Indus Valley civilization ________.
a. Harappa and Mohenjodaro
b. Hyderabad and Secunderabad
c. Hubli-Dharwad
d. Indragiri and Chandragiri
Answer:
a. Harappa and Mohenjodaro

54. ________and ________ are the oldest and youngest mountain ranges of India.
a. Western Ghats and Eastern ghats
b. Sahyadri and Konkan
c. Aravali and Himalaya
d. Anaimudi and Rajamudi
Answer:
c. Aravali and Himalaya

55. Two factors affecting national integration are _________.
a. Unity and Diversity
b. Regionalism and Communalism
c. Freedom and Human Rights
d. Primary education and Secondary education.
Answer:
b. Regionalism and Communalism